重探朱熹《楚辭集注》中的賦比興詮釋體系

A Reexamination of the Fu-bi-xing Hermeneutic System in Zhu Xi’s Chuci jizhu

Abstract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

王逸用“興”解釋《楚辭》，朱熹則系統地用“賦、比、興”解釋《楚辭》。後世的《楚辭》研究，深受王逸的影響，多注重研究《楚辭》的比興象徵體系。朱熹《楚辭集注》賦比興論的系統性，未得到足夠的重視。朱熹試圖建立一個詮解意脈的賦比興體系，其詮釋原則是一個完整章節之內的不同語脈形式，而不僅僅是三種具體的修辭手法。朱熹論“脈絡次第”、“綱領”、“文詞指意”，論章節之內的“上下相承，首尾相應之大指”，都是在論述賦比興體系的根本原則。朱熹仿照《詩經》按章標示“賦、比、興”的方法，來處理《楚辭》，然而因爲《詩經》、《楚辭》體制的不同，也爲《楚辭集注》帶來了難以避免的缺陷。

Wang Yi (fl. 120s) was the first critic to adopt the concept xing (“stimulus”) in his reading of the Chuci, while Zhu Xi (1130-1200) was the first to systematically apply the hermeneutic schema of fu-bi-xing (“enumeration, analogue, and stimulus”) to the Chuci. Under the influence of Wang Yi, the Chuci scholarship of later generations tended to concentrate on the bi-xing allegorical system. However, Zhu Xi’s fu-bi-xing theory did not draw enough attention. The present essay examines the comprehensive hermeneutics of Zhu. In practice, Zhu treats fu-bi-xing not merely as three specific rhetorical devices, but, rather, three different threads of expression and thought within every stanza of the poem. Following the practice of his exegesis of the Shijing, Zhu identifies and analyzes the respective fu, bi, and xing elements in the Chuci. Unfortunately, given the distinct structure of the Chuci poems, Zhu’s application of the fu-bi-xing schema observed in the Shijing inevitably encounters difficulties in his exegetic work of the Chuci.