民間學人劉沅“和會三教”觀念建構———以“生死議題”爲中心的討論

The Construction of the Concept of “Synthesizing the Three Schools” by Liu Yuan, a Commoner-Scholar, with a Focus on “the Topic of Life and Death”

Authors

  • 范旭艷 (FAN Xuyan) 香港浸會大學中文系

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24112/sinohumanitas.262068

Keywords:

劉沅, 和會三教, 壽孝, 觀念建構, Liu Yuan, syncretism, longevity, filial piety, rural elite

Abstract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

在清代辟佛老的文化氛圍之中,知識精英對於佛、老思想,儘管承認其益於教化的社會功能,在理論上,卻保持儒學概念之純浄性。然而,民間學人致力於“和會三教”觀念的建構。知識精英與民間學人就此命題呈現出不同的價值取向,使儒學在清代呈現出回歸原典與和會佛老的兩種文化走向。兩種文化走向間互相拉扯、對話,使得儒學在清代,展現出觀念重構的思想史意義。

本文以劉沅(1768—1855)爲主綫,通過對生死議題的探討,觀察他的生命體驗以及對“和會三教”議題的理論建構。作爲民間學人,他處於官方與民間、知識精英與大衆之間的雙重邊緣。獨特的地位,促成了他的“和會三教”思想。通過對劉沅的個案研究,可見三教交涉思想在清代呈現出觀念建構的走向。

文章前言部分簡述清代官方與知識界對於佛、老思想的態度,此爲劉沅“和會三教”思想的“他者”與對話對象。其次,界定劉沅和會三教時的儒學立場。“吾儒”的立場,是三教和會之基點,佛、道思想在儒學的範疇内和會。復次,分别以生死議題中“壽”、“孝”(側重於葬禮中之孝心、孝行)兩個概念爲核心,探析劉沅如何和會儒道、儒佛。“壽”,是儒、道共享的概念,劉沅通過儒道兩方面的雙向論述,分别强化儒學的宗教性、道教的道德性,使得二者得以接榫。“孝”,是儒佛間的矛盾點,對於儒佛的和會,劉沅更加突出儒家的立場,以儒家之孝義來詮釋佛教,選擇性地接受佛教喪葬禮儀。本研究展現了在官方與知識界以外,儒學在清代的豐富面相與闡釋空間以及和會三教觀念的思想活力。

One aspect of the cultural atmosphere of the Qing dynasty is the expulsion of Buddhism and Daoism. Within this environment, the intellectual elites preserved the purity of Confucianism although they recognized the didactic functions of the two religions. Nonetheless, scholars from among the populates made efforts to create the concept of “synthesizing the three schools.” Therefore, the intellectual elites and the commoner-scholars had different values, which gave rise to two trends, namely returning to the classics and the synthesis of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism. The interactions and dialogues between them resulted in the reconstruction of ideologies in the Confucianism of the Qing dynasty, which was significant in Chinese intellectual history.

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Published

2018-06-01

How to Cite

范 旭. (2018). 民間學人劉沅“和會三教”觀念建構———以“生死議題”爲中心的討論: The Construction of the Concept of “Synthesizing the Three Schools” by Liu Yuan, a Commoner-Scholar, with a Focus on “the Topic of Life and Death”. 人文中國學報, 26, 197–228. https://doi.org/10.24112/sinohumanitas.262068

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Section

論文

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