創傷、“文革”記憶及疾病修辭：論林斤瀾《十年十癔•五分》及余華《一九八六年》中的瘋癲書寫

Trauma, Memories of “the Cultural Revolution” and Illness as a Literary Device: On the Writing of Madness in Lin Jinlan’s “Five Dollar Coin” in Ten Cases of Hysteria in Ten Years and Yu Hua’s “The Year 1986”

Abstract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

本文以兩篇作品林斤瀾《十年十癔•五分》及余華《一九八六年》爲例，探討八十年代中期大陸當代小説是如何以“瘋癲”叙述“文革”的問題。本文首先從瘋癲“症狀”的角度切入，援引拉康等學者的精神分析理論，探討“症狀”作爲“文革”創傷記憶的修辭方法，當中强調不同症狀有自身修辭特色。林斤瀾《十年十癔》以“五”符號象徵“文革”創傷記憶，而余華《一九八六年》則以幻覺將“文革”時空展現讀者眼前。接著從“症狀”來探問“病因”，兩篇小説中的主人公發病源自“文革”創傷經歷，症狀便成爲“文革”病態社會對個人身體的烙印，探討作家是如何借個人的“不正常”症狀，來揭示及控訴“文革”政治壓抑年代的瘋狂。最後，應用卡露絲創傷理論，分析這兩篇小説中的疾病修辭效果———症狀延緩性，從而發掘這種以疾病修辭方式來叙述“文革”的意義。

This paper discusses two novels from the mid-1980s, Lin Jinlan’s “Five Dollar Coin” in Ten Cases of Hysteria in Ten Years and Yu Hua’s “The Year 1986.” It uses madness as a literary device to interpret the traumatic memories of the Cultural Revolution; firstly, by employing the psychoanalytic theories of Jacques Lacan and others, this paper discusses how the traumatic memories of the Cultural Revolution are disguised as symptoms of madness, in which different symptoms contain their own features as a literary device. While Lin Jinlan employs “five” as a symbol to represent the Cultural Revolution’s traumatic memories, Yu Hua reproduces the atmosphere of denouncements during the Cultural Revolution through delusional madness. Secondly, this paper shows the causes of the symptoms, which are the traumatic experiences of two madmen. The paper also illustrates the individual symptoms that are linked to the historical and ideological setting of the Cultural Revolution, in order to reveal the disorder and absurdity of that period of time. Finally, this paper examines the inherent belatedness of the symptoms of madness using Cathy Caruth’s idea of trauma, in order to explore the significance of this madness writing in terms of the narrative of the Cultural Revolution.