道教鎮魂儀式視野下的《封神演義》的一側面

A Facet of Investiture of God Status from the Perspective of Daoist Rituals of Pacifying Spirits

Abstract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

小説《封神演義》，常常被編爲戲曲，也在戲臺上演出。尤其是在江西、湖南、四川等徽州商人或江西商人的商圈之内，與《岳飛精忠傳》、《觀音出身傳》、《西遊記》等一起，跟《目連救母劇》配合而作爲其開路性戲曲演出的機會實在不少。其原因在哪裏？其實，這《封神演義》之中，許多陣亡英雄被引魂使者柏鑑招引到封神臺，最後由主角姜子牙授予天界的地位而被安慰其怨恨。這種宗教救濟（鎮魂儀式）跟《目連救母劇》中許多孤魂冤鬼被目連尊者安慰而超升到天界的結構極爲相似。因此横溢道教思想的這篇神魔小説得到配合在以佛教爲主的目連戲一起演出。本文依靠四川目連戲的例子研討其具體的演出情況。

The novel Investiture of God Status was often adapted as a drama and performed on stage. This was especially the case among the circles of merchants from Huizhou or Jiangxi in Jiangxi, Hu’nan, Sichuan, etc. Along with other novels, such as Yue Fei the Patriot, The Devotion of Guanyin and Journey to the West, it was always combined with A Play on Mulian Saving His Mother and became new drama performed on stage. What was the reason for this phenomenon? In fact, in Investiture of God Status the spirits of many heroes who died in battles were summoned by Bojian to the Terrace of Investiture of God Status, where Jiang Ziya pacified their grievances by granting them status in the realm of heaven. This kind of religious salvation (rituals of pacifying spirits) shares significant similarities with the repertoire structure in plays of “Mulian saving his mother,” in which many forlorn spirits and wronged ghosts are consoled by Saint Mulian and thereby transcend to heaven. Hence Investiture of God Status, a novel about gods and demons which carries rich Daoist thought, became a counterpart of the Buddhist-orientated plays about Mulian and was performed at the same time. The present essay discusses its performances based on the examples from Sichuan province.