孔子應對“君不君”的雙原則———正當性的質性與量性

Confucius’ Dual-Principle in Dealing with Unrighteous Governors — Rightfulness in Terms of Quality and Quantity

Abstract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

孔子在《論語》中提出正名論，要求君臣父子各如其份，但在君不君時當如何應對卻並無正面討論，我們只能通過他對政治人物的評價態度及自身行爲而去推斷。本文先論定孔子心目中何謂君君———君主如何才具有正當性，跟著探討他對幾個君不君事例的態度；最後通過正名論可否逆向運作———由循名責實轉爲以實定名去揭示孔子對待有關問題時真正抱持的原則，即既作質性又作量性的考慮。

In the Analects, Confucius puts forward the idea “truthful to one’s name”, requiring everybody to behave as one’s position demands. Unfortunately, he has not discussed what we should do when a governor does not perform as what a governor should have. We can only try to find out what he has in mind through analysing his comments on and his own behaviour towards such governors. This article starts from defining what a good governor should be in Confucius’ mind, followed by investigating his comments on and attitude towards unrighteous governors of varied degrees. At last, through exploring the possibility of reversing the mechanism of “truthful to one’s name”, we come to the conclusion that Confucius would take into consideration both the nature and the magnitude (quality and quantity) of an unrighteous governor’s behavior in deciding how this governor should be dealt with.