王念孫《廣雅疏證》通假釋例

On the Principles of Phonetic Loan as Stipulated By Wang Niensun’s Guangya Shuzheng

Abstract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

三國魏張揖仿效《爾雅》一書的體例，著成《廣雅》一書，列舉出一系列古代的通假字。清人王念孫爲《廣雅》作《疏謹》，繁徵博引，以明《廣雅》的通假。本文即在闡述王念孫疏證《廣雅》所得出的通假條例，大略爲：（1）聲音相同。（2）聲音相近。包括：（i）聲音相同，聲調不同；（ii）兩字雙聲；（iii）兩字叠韻；（iv）兩字發聲部位相同，但一送氣，—不送氣；或一清，一濁；（v）兩字陰陽對轉；凡此皆可得通假。王念孫認爲，通假是聲的關係外，其他如異體字，古今字，則是形的差别，聲音則可同可不同，但王念孫也用“通用”、“同用”來考釋之。故通假字、異體字、古今字雖然不同，此處亦一并討論。王念孫的學問，段玉裁對其推崇備至，并認爲《廣雅疏證》一書，可謂天下至精矣，評價不可謂不高。

Zhang Yi who following the style and format of Erh Ya has published his famous gloss Guang Ya in the Wei of the Period of the Three Kingdoms. In the book, he has listed out a number of phonetic loan characters of the ancient time. Wang Niensun, a Qing philologist, has thus published his Guangya Shuzheng, in which he has stipulated the principles of phonetic loan which he observed used in the Guang Ya gloss. The present article is written to point out the various principles stipulated by Wang. These include: (1) Same phonetics, (2) Similar phonetics which includes: (i) Same initials and finals, but different tones, (ii) same initials, (iii) same finals, (iv) same vocal position of initials pronunciation, but one aspirated, one not; one voiceless, one voiced, (v) “yin-yang dui-zhuan” 陰陽對轉 (-m, -n, -ng finals and non -m, -n, -ng, -p, -t, -k finals interchange). Wang suggested that phonetic loan was basically a phenomenon related to sound. Other phenomena like “gu-jin-zi” 古今字 (characters of ancient and modem writing) and “yi-ti-zi” 異體字 (characters of different forms), as they are the same characters but of different structures, and as such they are also interchangeable. As their interchangeability are similar to the phonetic loan characters, they are therefore also discussed in the present article. Duan Yucai, another famous Qing philologist, has regarded highly Wang’s Guangya Shuzheng, and suggested that it is the finest publication under Heaven 天下至精. The remark is undoubtedly, a bit too high.