文人：士大夫、文官、隱逸與琴祺書畫

Intellectuals: Scholars, OfTicials Solitude and The Artistic and Academic Self-cultivation

Abstract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

在古老而漫長的中國古典文學發展歷程中，「文人」這一話語的緣起與表達負載着厚重的歷史內涵，「文人」作為「知識分子」，構成了中國古代社會中的一個重要階層。在歷史上，雖然文人的思想不直接創造財富，但他們的思想最終可以導出一種令人震撼的結果，那就是，文人在執著於理念、信仰中的創造並沒有直接帶來現實的價值而為後來者所接受，他們的價值潛在於他們的精神與生命的發展或逝去的過程中，並且，最终以他們的精神所佔據的百科全書式的地位而獲得權力。也就是説，最终他們的精神與思想將凝聚在百科全書式的文本中，這種百科全書式的文本，為後來者的查找或提取意義而釋放出能量，在知識上轉換為一種權力而征服他者。但是，在中國古代歷史上，那些坦蕩、正直的文人或士大夫一旦步入官場，他們便無法擺脱以一種情感、正直、智慧和思想來抨擊時弊或干預不公平的社會，他們總是以一種神聖的社會責任感與歷史使命感在天真中成就自己的自以為是，最終使自己陷入一種艱難的生存困境中。正是由於文人與士大夫本身所特有的這種精神氣質，因此，逃避於隱逸，逃避於琴棋書畫也成為文人士大夫在中國古典文學史上永恆演奏的一個母題。

In the development of the ancient Chinese classical literature, the concept and origin of “wen ren” bear a profound historical meaning. As intellectuals, “wen ren” formed an important social class in the ancient Chinese society. Though they did not make a fortune to the society, the thoughts they conceived have led to a great impact on their followers. The thoughts and belief started by them did not virtually bring real values, nor were they accepted by their followers. Yet, the value of these intellectuals lies in the process of the development and the fading of their spirit and life. And, through this they were viewed as an authority as overwhelming as an encyclopedia. That is to say, their spirit and thoughts have eventually been put in a formal text that is as important and comprehensive as an encyclopedia.

This text, as a powerful resource, provided their followers with authoritative evidence to argue over others. At the same time, these intellectuals or officials were too honest and righteous to put up with the wrongs in the society. With their passion, righteousness, wisdom and thoughts, they could not help criticizing and interfering what is wrong to them when they became the bureaucrats. Driven by their innocent sense of responsibility to the society and sense of mission for the history, they always righted the wrongs which put them intovery difficult situations. Yet, it is due to this particular spirit and temperament they possessed that they had to escape from the reality. The study of their immersing into these artistic and academic accomplishments, including playing music, Chinese chess, reading and painting, therefore, becomes a major theme in the history of Chinese classical literature whenever people study the intellectuals.