唐代的白話詩派

On the Vernacular Poem School in T'ang Dynasty

Abstract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

唐代詩歌的百花園中，存在着一個游離於主流詩歌之外的白話詩派。它有着自己的形成和發展歷程，有着共同的藝術和思想傳統，擁有以王梵志和寒山爲代表的衆多的詩人。它基本上是一個佛教詩派，它的淵源、成立、發展、興盛和衰落，與中國禪學和禪宗保持着某種同步關係。由南北朝時期的禪學而產生了早期的白話詩，到初唐時期“王梵志詩”匯合了許多無名作者的白話詩，“白話詩派”便正式確立了。從慧能的禪宗興起之後，許多襌師創作了大量標示着個性宗風的偈頌，“白話詩派”不但完成了向南宗禪的轉型，而且進入了全盛時期。這種繁榮ー直延續到晚唐五代。北宋中葉“文字禪”興起，禪師們向文字中討生活，作爲一種思想運動的禪宗走向了衰落，禪宗詩偈也不再是真正意義上的白話詩了。

There was a vernacular school, which drifted away from the main poem groups, in T’ang Dynasty. It had its own formation and development history, common art and thoughts tradition, and a number of poets, whose representative are Brahmacārin Wang （王梵志）and Cold Mountain（寒山）. In a word, it is a Buddhism poetic school. Its origin, shaping, expansion, prosperity and decline kept some synchronized relations with Chinese Dhyāna and Chinese Chan sects. The early vernacular poems came into being from the Dhyāna of Southern and Northern Dynasties. And the “vernacular school” formally established when the “Brahmacārin Wang’s poems” converged many unknown authors’ works in early T’ang Dynasty. A great deal of Chan masters created a large number of gāthā or Buddhist songs which expressed their individualities and religious styles after Huineng（惠能）’s Chan sect’s rising. Since then, the “vernacular school” not only had finished its transformation to South Sect Chan, but also gone into its period of full bloom. This flourishing lasted to Late T’ang and Five Dynasties on end. In middle period of North Song Dynasty, “Chinese Character Chan” appeared, and the Chan masters began to indulge in Chan recordation. Chinese Chan, as an thoughts movement, began to be on the decline. As a result, the gāthā or songs of Chan sects were not truly vernacular poems anymore.