陶淵明的思想創獲與實踐工夫

Tao Yuanming’ philosophical achievement and practice

Abstract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

魏晉時期哲學思想主流是玄學，性善論的儒家人性思想失落已久。在玄學内部，魏晉玄學家對於莊子哲學核心的心齋學説，慧解有所不足，更無此實踐工夫（嵇康例外）。

陶淵明《感士不遇赋》對魏晉以來失落已久的性善論的儒家人性思想，獨立地作出了重新發明。陶淵明《歸園田居》詩對莊子心齋哲學的精髓，獨立地作出了融會貫通和透徹理解，這是魏晉玄學家所未有的洞見。

泯滅欲望之心，保持澹泊之心、自由之心，是莊子心齋哲學的精髓。在任何環境、命運中，都能明辨是非，行爲符合人性，是儒家心性修養工夫的精髓。淵明棄官歸田的思想抉擇和實際行動，是莊子心齋哲學的實踐，亦是儒家心性修養工夫的實踐。儒家的精髓，莊學的精髓，融合在淵明的思想和實踐中。

Metaphysics was a main trend of Chinese philosophy in Wei and Jin Dynasties, when the Confucian theory of benevolent philanthropism as an inherent characteristic of humanity had been lost for a long time. However, the Wei-Jin philosophers were not sufficiently sagacious to understand and explain the theory of Xin Zhai （心齋）of Zhuangzi and also without any practice, except for Ji Kang.

Tao Yuanming's poem, Fu on the Future and Destiny of Scholar’s （《感士不遇賦》）, shows his independent development of the benevolent philanthropy of Confucianism. Another poem of his, Return to His Pastoral Life（《歸田園居》）, also shows his independent understanding of the Xin Zhai of Zhuangzi, achieving mastery through a comprehensive study of the subject, which only he did in that era.

Banishing the mentality of desiring wordy goods and pleasures, cultivating the mentality of not seeking fame and wealth, keeping freedom of the spirit, were the quintessence of Zhuangzi's philosophy of Xin Zhai; making a clear distinction between right and wrong, the behaviour always in accordance with human nature were the quintessence of Confucian accomplishment of mentality. Tao Yuanming gave up the position of officer in the government, returned to village life, both for the practice of Zhuangzi philosophy and for Confucian philosophy as both were in Tao Yuanming' s thought and action.