清代東南書院與文士之風氣

The Academies in the Southeast China and the Atmosphere of the Literati during Qing Dynasty

Abstract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

書院山長講席，無論就脩金，還是聲譽而言，對於有文才學識的士人而言，無疑是理想的職業；書院對於肄業生徒而言，可提供膏火和課獎，近似養士機構。書院因其自身特性網羅集結了大批文士，有利於學術和文學的交流，并形成文士在省内或省際之間的流動。從文士的流動而言，東南三省可視爲内在關聯緊密的文化區域。因爲山長和生徒的集結或多或少與經濟利益相關，也造成了書院講習中的逐利之風。清代書院大多爲舉業型書院，一些有識之士，在此大格局下，對講習内容有程度不同的調整，有充分肯定舉業、并試圖開引向上一路者，亦有舉業與古學兼課、或專課古學者。到道光朝，隨著國勢與思潮之變，書院中舉業與正學（或實學）的關係愈顯緊張，故多有效仿胡安定（胡瑗）分齋課士的書院，實學（有用之學）的地位漸漸提升，而舉業一統天下的局面遂有瓦解之迹象。

If annual salary and reputation were used as the standards of assessment, teaching in an academy during Qing dynasty was an ideal profession for the literary and knowledgeable man. And for students in a academy, they gained subsidies and scholarships through exams, so an academy was like an educational institute without paying tuition. Because of this characteristic, many literary men and scholars gathered in the academies, and it promoted the academic and literary exchange. They were floating resources in one province and between two provinces. From the view of literati mobility, the three provinces in the southeast region formed a cultural region, which were closely linked. Affected by the financial factor, there existed an unhealthy tendency for profit. Most academies were for imperial civil examination, but some literati with insight tried to adjust the contents of the courses. One way was to pay more attention on the classics studies under the condition of affirmation the imperial civil examination; the other way was to teach the courses of imperial civil examination and orthodox scholarship, and even to teach orthodox scholarship with concentrated attention. During Daoguang period, along with the changes of national power and trend of thought, there occurred obvious tension between the imperial civil examination and orthodox scholarship (or practical learning), and some academies imitated Hu Anding's class schedule with an emphasis on special field of study. The importance of practical learning increased gradually, and the decisive role of the imperial civil examination began to shake and to decrease.