西漢初年的正統性問題

A Study of Orthodoxy in Early Western Han

Abstract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

"據近人陳學霖的研究，正統性約可分爲五種類型，即：一、程序的正統性 (Procedural Legitimation)；二、強制的正統性 (Coercive Legitimation )；三、符號的正統性 (Sematic Legitimation)；四、學術的正統性 (Scholastic Legitimation)；五、群衆的正統性 (Popular Legitimation)。

漢高祖劉邦起自平民，經過楚漢相持的階段擊敗項羽，在公元前202年稱“皇帝”，但並未真正建立漢家的“正統”地位，一直到漢武帝在公元前104年，太初改曆之時，才真正擺脱了秦朝的遺影，確立了漢家自己的文制。這段時期經歷了一百年，亦涉及了不同類型知識份子的參與，試圖達成由符號的正統性，向學術的正統性轉化的過程。

《史記ᆞ魏其武安侯列傳》注云：“漢初至武帝太初以前，並依秦法，以後改用夏正月，至今不改。”而太初以後，漢家已完全脱離周、秦以來對正統問題的困擾，建立真正的漢家制度了。

According to a study by Chen Xuelin (陳學霖), orthodoxy can be principally classified into five categories: (1) Procedural Legitimation, (2) Coercive Legitimation, (3) Sematic Legitimation, (4) Scholastic Legitimation, and (5) Popular Legitimation

Emperor Han Gaozu (漢高祖), originated from the peasant class, has defeated Xiang Yu (項羽) during the Chu Han Contention (楚漢相争) and proclaimed himself as “emperor” in 202 BC. It was not until the time of Taichu Calendar Reform (太初改曆) in 104 BC that Emperor Han Wu (漢武帝) could break away from the legacy of the Qin Dynasty and established the Han System, hence the “Orthodox” Han. The 100-year reform involved intellectuals with different backgrounds attempting to reach the orthodoxy of academic, through the orthodox transformation of symbols.

The Records of the Shiji Weijiwuanhou Liezhuan (《史記ᆞ魏武侯列傳》) noted, “The Qin System has been followed between the period of Early Han and Emperor Han Wu Taichu (太初), and the Xiazhengyue (夏正月) was applied ever since.”, through the break away from the legacies of the Zhou and Qin since the Taichu era, the real Han System was finally established.