四聲發現與吠陀三聲的二點思考

Two Views on Four Tones Discovery and Three Tones of Vedas

Abstract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

吠陀經典有無比的神聖性，吠陀吟誦是印度宗教祭祀儀式的重要内容，必須正確發音。婆羅門必須每天精勤地記誦吠陀。直到今天，仍有婆羅門吟誦吠陀，從事宗教祭祀活動。靠這種嚴格無誤的口耳相傳的記誦，保存了四吠陀豐富的内容，也因此保存了基本的吟誦方法和吠陀三聲。古典梵語保持了吠陀梵語的基本語音結構特徵。《波你尼經》研究的吠陀三聲也應該是當時活著的自然的語言。婆羅多牟尼《舞論》指出吟誦的高調、低調、降調，和吠陀三聲應該是一回事。梵語戲劇戲文既從吠陀中擷取吟誦、歌唱、表演，就可能從中擷取吟誦吠陀的三聲。梵語戲劇有吠陀頌詩，用吠陀三聲是很自然的。吠陀三聲確實以某種方式延伸到古典梵語，延伸到古典梵語的戲劇文學作品。吠陀三聲還應該進入中土的佛經轉讀，因而啓示人們認識漢語四聲現象。

Vedas sutra is very divine. Vedas recitation with correct pronunciation was important for sacrificial ceremony in Indian Religions. Brahman recited Vedas and engaged religious ceremony until now. By words of mouth, four Vedas were kept, so was the basis way of recitation and three tones of Vedas. Ancient Sanskrit preserved the tone structure characteristics of the Vedaic. Three tones of Vedas re-searched in Astlātura were likely to be all-pervading language at that time. Nātyasāstra by Bharatamuni pointed that high tone, low tone and falling tone should be the three tones of Vedas. Since Sanskrit theatre selected recitation, singing and performance from Vedas, it might select three tones for recite Vedas. Sanskrit theatre contained Vedas odes, so it was natural to use three tones. It was truth that three tones of Vedas was kept by the ancient Sanskrit theatre. Three tones of Vedas might be accepted by Zhuandu in Chinese sutra, which enlightened people how to understand four tones in Chinese.