文人與義士之間：明代金華地區鄉賢編寫中的駱賓王

A Poet and a Martyr: Luo Binwang in the Local Worthies Narratives of the Jinhua Region in the Ming Dynasty

Abstract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

元明時期，金華地區爲理學之重鎮，士人爲鄉賢撰寫傳記乃維繫鄉邦文化傳統的重要活動。鄉賢既是地方學術文化的代表，與他們相關的編寫某程度反映了風教之變化，也涉及地方崇祀鄉賢的機制。唐代詩人駱賓王是金華地區早期比較知名的文人，但其形象和地位到了明代中葉以後才得到肯定和提升。對於賓王書檄討武后一事，金華廟學公論、地方志傳鄉賢傳記等陸續將他由“作亂”改判“舉義”，又將其身分類目由“文人”轉爲“義士”。這除了見證胡應麟等金華後學爲其平反的努力外，同時反映明代中期以後文人之價值認同漸從道學鬆綁開來。在駱賓王的形象塑造背後，既有用以證明“文藝”可兼“器識”的觀點，卻又陷於“立身”還是“立言”才得以自樹的糾葛之中。剥離文學史視野而置於鄉賢編寫中的駱賓王，不單可看到金華文教風尚轉移的側影，更是明代文人自我價值與定位其中一個重要的討論場域。以上關於立言、文士等的價值争議，在在透露了文學批評研究對史料的運用和詮釋，拓闊了其考察的維度。

In the Yuan-Ming dynasties, the Jinhua region (in modern Zhejiang province) was a center of Neo-Confucianism. To maintain the cultural tradition of the place, scholars stressed the importance of writing biographies for local worthies, who represented the local intellectual culture. These narratives reflect the cultural norms and perceptions of the time, and, therefore, showcase how and why certain figures were praised and worshipped in a certain locale. The Tang Dynasty poet Luo Binwang (7th c.) was relatively well-known in the early Jinhua area. Nonetheless, his image and status had not been affirmed and promoted until mid-Ming times (16th c.). The public opinion on Luo Binwang’s denunciation of Empress Wu (r. 690 705) underwent significant changes over time: he was first considered a rebel, but was later seen as a righteous poet who upheld loyalty and integrity. The change was made possible due to the efforts of Hu Yinglin (1551-1602) and other Jinhua scholars. This reflects the gradual change in the literati’s value as Neo-Confucianism was no longer the only standard people would abide by after the mid-Ming. Behind the making of Luo Binwang’s image, scholars sought to prove that “literature and art” could be combined with “morality and talent.” But at the same time, the Ming literati struggled between the two ways of establishing oneself: “by virtue” or “by writing.” Luo Binwang, no longer viewed from the perspective of literary history, was then placed in the tradition of local worthies. This not only reflects the transition of Jinhua’s culture, but also serves as an important case study to examine how the literati assessed and positioned themselves in the Ming Dynasty. The aforementioned disputes on the value of writing and the literati demonstrate how the scope of study can be broadened by integrating history with the study of literary criticism.