復社前後：晚明以降文人對盟社的反思

Before and after the Fu Society: Scholars’ Reflection on the Societies since the Late Ming Dynasty

Abstract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

明清易代之際，結社逃禪之風日漸濃厚，結社行爲在晚明的去政治化、去功利化特徵，是心學、佛學衝擊傳統儒家思想的結果。復社是明代科舉制度影響下的文社，但一些復社成員卻同時結有禪社，可見儒學和佛學兩股風潮在當時並非完全對立或此消彼長的關係，而是借助文學活動展開各自的影響路徑。陸世儀、陳瑚等人在崇禎初年拒不入復社，代表了當時不同的聲音。儘管復社參與政治鬥争，由明入清的文人學者仍肯定了復社對文章創作的積極作用，試圖重申儒家思想以推動清初社事回歸訂文字交的正常軌道。基於盟社觀、文學觀，清代文人也對社事與國家興亡之關係發表看法。復社的衰落、明朝的滅亡都引起了詩人們對生命價值和歷史政治的再思考，也涉及朋友相交的基礎、結社訂盟的形式、文章創作的宗旨等問題。乾隆以後文人的盟社觀，受到清朝嚴控文網的影響。

In the transition of the Ming and Qing dynasties, there was a thriving trend for poets to join societies and worship Buddhism. The depoliticization and getting rid of utilitarianism of the societies in late Ming times were the result of the impact of the philosophy of Wang Yangming (1472-1529) and Buddhism on traditional Confucianism. The Fu Society was formed under the influence of the imperial examination system in the Ming Dynasty for creative writing, but some members of the Fu Society also joined Buddhist Societies. It can be seen that Confucianism and Buddhism were not completely opposed in the late Ming, but exerted their influence with the help of literary activities. Lu Shiyi (1611-1672), Chen Hu (1613-1675), and others refused to join the Fu Society during the early Chongzhen era (1627-1644), representing the different voices at that time. Although the Fu Society participated in political struggles, writers and scholars from the Ming Dynasty still recognized its positive role in literary creation, and its efforts to reiterate the importance of Confucianism to promote the society by leading it back to concentrate on writing in the early Qing Dynasty. Based on the society’s view of literature, the Qing-dynasty literati also talked about the relationship between society and the rise and fall of the empire. The decline of the Fu Society and the collapse of the Ming Dynasty caused poets to rethink the value of life, history, and politics. It also involved the basis of friendship, the form of association, and the purpose of writing. After the Qianlong era (1736-1796), the writers’ view of alliance and community was influenced by the Qing Dynasty’s strict control of literary networks.