檢驗書《洗冤集録》顔色詞及其相關問題

Terms of Color and Related Issues in Inspection Book Xiyuan Jilu

Abstract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

古代檢驗書是驗屍工作的手册，記載相關法律、程序、驗屍方法、屍體變化等内容，宋代宋慈（1186-1249）《洗冤集録》（1247）是中國第一本有系統的檢驗書，對當時與後代斷案有舉足輕重的影響力。檢驗書有細膩的人體描寫，詳載屍體、器官、組織、傷痕的顔色，展現顔色詞不同面向。本文綜合運用分析法、歸納法、比較討論《洗冤集録》的顔色詞。

本文梳理《洗冤集録》白、黑、赤、黄、青、紫類顔色詞的使用狀況，縱向觀察清代《律例館校正洗冤録》、《洗冤録詳義》，發現檢驗系統顔色詞成員單純，使用顯著度高、具普遍性的主流詞，有“明確”之語言風格；顔色詞繼承之外有創新，曾出現少量新詞。用赤多於紅，以青表緑色，反映檢驗語言保守的一面。但後人的説解則反映時代脈動，用了當時的主流詞。本文發現檢驗書顔色詞可修飾多種人體詞，展露其他典籍未見之搭配力，是其語言價值。

此外，青、緑、藍的分合是認知思維與社會文化改易的結果，青表緑色多於表藍色，是自然界客觀事實與主觀需求的反映。關於並列顔色詞排序問題，本文整理的兩個規則是：“顔色發生順序是先出現、基本範疇、主流詞者充當第二詞素”、“影響明度、彩度的顔色（白、黑）通常後置”。

Ancient inspection books are manuals for postmortem examination, as they recorded related laws, procedures, postmortem examination, and changes in corpses. Xiyuan Jilu (1247) by Song Ci (1186-1249) in the Song Dynasty is the first systematic inspection book in China and was influential in judging legal cases at the time and in the following generations. The inspection book includes detailed descriptions of the human body, corpses, and the colors of organs, tissues, and scars. It also shows different dimensions of the terminology for colors.

This study combs through the use of color terminology in Xiyuan Jilu, including white, black, red, yellow, blue, and purple. According to Lüliguan jiaozheng xiyuanlu and Xiyuanlu xiangyi from the Qing Dynasty, the terminology for colors in the examination system were simple and significant, and they were universal terms with a specific language style. They were traditional and innovative, because a small amount of new terms were discovered therein. The use of “chi” over “red” and “qing” over “green” showed the traditional side of the examination language. However, the examination of the following generations revealed the time and the mainstream terms. The terms of colors in examination books modified several terms of human bodies, and this was rarely seen in other books, hence showing the value of language in these books.

The use of “qing”, “green”, and “blue” was the result of cognition and evolution of the social culture. More often, “qing” was used to represent green instead of blue, which reflects objective natural reality. Two general rules in the ordering of color terms, the second morpheme referred to the first event, basic category, and mainstream terms. The colors (white and black), which influenced brightness and saturation, tended to be placed in the postposition.