揚雄《法言》與《春秋》筆法

Yang Xiong’s Fayan and the Writing Technique of the Spring and Autumn Annals

Abstract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

《法言》不僅擬《論語》，更擬《春秋》，是揚雄擬經成聖的關鍵所在。本文首先從揚雄對《春秋》的評論，以及其王霸觀、華夷觀、戰争觀、君臣觀等方面，探討其《春秋》學歸屬。在此基礎上，從稱謂、史評等角度，考察《法言》所體現出的《春秋》筆法。最後，從《春秋》學視野重新審視了《法言》“刺莽説”。考察可知，揚雄所學爲《公羊春秋》，故其《法言》常用《春秋》筆法以示褒貶，駁正《史記》、微辭刺莽等皆其體現。揚雄是要使《法言》成爲真正的“法語之言”，繼《春秋》而爲漢代立法，自己也由此成聖而爲漢世孔子。

Fayan is not only an imitation of the Analects of Confucius but also of the Spring and Autumn Annals; it is the key to Yang Xiong’s imitation of the Confucian classics to become a sage. This paper first explores the school of Yang Xiong scholarship on Spring and Autumn Annals in terms of his commentaries as well as his view on kingship and hegemony, Chinese and barbarians, war, and the relationship between the king and his ministers. On this basis, we will examine the Spring and Autumn Annals writing technique embodied in Fayan from the aspects of titles and historical evaluation. Finally, we will re-examine the traditional argument from the perspective of the Spring and Autumn Annals that Fayan criticizes Wang Mang. It can be seen that Yang Xiong scholarship on the Spring and Autumn Annals belonged to the Gongyang School, and that Yang Xiong often used writing techiques of the Spring and Autumn Annals to express praise and criticisms such as refuting the Records of the Grand Historian and satirizing Wang Mang. Yang Xiong intended for Fayan to truly be a discourse “normative,” to succeed the Spring and Autumn Annals as the legislation for the Han Dynasty, and for himself to become a sage and the Confucius of the Han Dynasty.