元雜劇的文本形式與演劇形態

The Text Forms and the Performance Styles of the Yuan Drama

Abstract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

本文从話語語義、功能及其言説方式的角度，以共時性的視角，解析元雜劇諸“文本”之間的相互關聯及其組合關係，提出中國戲曲的“劇場交流語境”理论，描述元雜劇審美生成之途徑。本文認爲：1.元雜劇是在宋元瓦舍勾欄生態環境中孕育出來，以滿足觀衆休閑娱樂、散悶消愁的精神需求的消費型藝術。2.元雜劇主要有代言性演述、演述干預、打諢、科介和插演五种文本形式：代言性演述文本爲演劇主體；演述干預文本控制戲場演述進程、溝通戲臺上下的交流互動，引導觀衆審美取向；打諢文本、科介文本和插演文本保證“場上”演劇和戲臺上下交流互動的順利進行。3.元雜劇演述者巧妙地使自身具有演員、行當、劇中人物三重身份，從而能够交織會通前代雜戲和説唱藝人的“演”和“述”的伎藝。4.元雜劇演員、“行當”、劇中人物都是功能性的演述者。他们可以根據劇情演述或者觀衆接受的需要，靈活轉换演述身份，自由地穿梭於演員與觀衆、“行當”與觀衆、劇中“人物”與觀衆、劇中人物與人物之間四重主要的劇場交流語境，一邊扮演人物，一邊演述故事，一邊進行演述干預，一邊與觀衆展開交流互動，與觀衆一同在劇情虚構域、審美遊戲域和現實生活域中遊戲與娱樂。從文本形式上看，元雜劇的演劇是在演員、“行當”、劇中人物和觀衆之間的交流語境中展開的，但是，從戲場中主體間性的角度來考察，這種交流的實質是劇作家、演述者（演員、行當、劇中人物）和場上觀衆之間的審美互動，由此而生成元雜劇獨特的劇場交流系統。5.“劇場交流語境”和“劇場交流系統”的形成即意味着元雜劇演劇形態的形成，也即意味着元雜劇的審美生成。元雜劇是在元代戲場時空中共處的互相關聯的文本所組成的一種文本間的共同體，貫穿這一“文本間的共同體”的是演述者直接向劇場觀衆的“演”和“述”。因此，元雜劇不是“叙述體”，也不是“代言體”，而是“演述體”。

From the perspectives of discourse semantic and function, this treatise analyzes the Yuan drama’s mutual and combined relation, puts forward theater - communicating situation theory, and describes the means of Yuan drama’s aesthetic shaping. This treatise holds the standpoint as follows: 1. Blooming in a society of entertainment and amusement during Song and Yuan dynasty, Yuan drama is a kind of consumable art for comfort and pleasure. 2. Yuan drama consists of five context forms: representative role discourse, histrionic intervene, impromptu comic gesture or remark, dummy activity, and episode performance. The first one takes the main part in the Yuan drama’ s performance; the second controls drama’ s process and helps actor communicate with audience; the next three forms cooperate to make sure that the drama can perform glibly. 3. The actors of Yuan drama skillfully dedicate themselves to three identities: actor or actress, type roles, and character in the drama. By this means the actors can be competent for both performer and narrator. 4. The actors can change their role quickly according to audience’ s need or the course of drama, they are good at controlling the situation, thus, they can do acting while showing, or chiming when communicating. They as well as audiences can also enjoy the game and amusement from drama on Scenario - dummy region, Aesthetic 一 game region and true-life region. 5. The forming of theater-communicating situation results in appreciation of drama’s performance. Yuan drama is a combination of performance and narration instead of a simple description or activity, which undertake the drama’ s showing and keeps communication between performer and the audience.