論宋代人鬼婚戀文言小説中的復活、冥婚與改葬故事

Resurrection, Underworld-marriage and Re-burial Stories of the Song Dynasty Fiction

Abstract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

宋代人鬼婚戀類文言小説，與喪葬文化有關的如復活、冥婚、改葬之篇。這三類篇章，不但反映了宋人的喪葬文化，亦表現了對死亡課題的反思。復活類文言小説中，《解七五姐》（《夷堅三志》壬卷第十）和《畢令女》（《夷堅乙志》卷七）兩篇“道術復生”小説中，出現一位導師：九天玄女。特别之處在於，玄女突破一貫以來天女、戰爭女神和房中術導師的神格；在兩篇小説中，負起授術（房中術）令亡靈起死復生的復活導師之職。查玄女至宋代，與墓葬、地券有關連。1997年巴中出土的南宋地券，可作爲篇中玄女有别於前代（戰爭女神、房中術導師）的神格佐證。至宋代，玄女已與墓葬、鎮墓有重大關係。《解七五姐》與《畢令女》兩篇中的女主角，采用“枯骨生肉”和“無骸式復活”的復生術，亦表現二人極其强烈的反抗死亡之復生意志。冥婚類文言小説如《骨偶記》（《青瑣高議》别集卷五）和《任迥春游》（《夷堅志補》卷十六）等篇，反映了冥婚的婚俗如“鬼媒”（宋《昨夢録》記録宋代有“鬼媒人”之俗）、雙棺葬（《骨偶記》）、“贅鬼”（《任迥春游》）和“嫁於殤”（《骨偶記》）等習俗。冥婚中的“共穴”意識（如《任迥春游》中的“幻變空間”）和嫁娶方式（“贅鬼”、“嫁於殤”），都有著同一基調：“慰靈”。改葬類文言小説，透過改葬如”故鄉葬”（《青瑣高議》别集卷三《越娘記》）、“法葬”（《越娘記》）和“從夫葬”（《青瑣高議》前集卷五《遠烟記》），遂却鬼靈的回鄉、回國葬之願，及歸宗夫族之想。改葬亦在情節上產生重要作用，改變了助葬者與被改葬者的關係。《越娘記》中便衍生一段“報恩情”；《遠烟記》中，則透過改葬，成就一段“結髮情”。復活、冥婚和改葬三類文言小説，透過喪葬文化，對死亡遺憾，作出種種反思及補償，很具特色，值得作深入的探討。

Among the human-ghost love stories of the Song dynasty fiction, there are stories related with burial rites. Among the resurrection stories such as “Jie Qi Wu Jie” (解七五姐) and “Bi Ling Nu” (畢令女), Goddess of the Empyrean (九天玄女) acts as the mentor in the process of rebirth. The struggle of the protagonists to revive from death demonstrate a very strong will power to fight against the detrimental fate of death. As for the underworld-marriage stories such as “Gu Ou Ji” (骨偶記) and “Ren Jiong Chuan You” (任迴春游), they reflect the special underworld-marriage rites. Such special marriage-arrangements can be viewed as a kind of compensation for the pre-mature death of the youngsters. In addition, in re-burial stories such as “Yue Niang Ji” (越娘記) and “Yuan Yan Ji” (遠烟記), re-burial is not only a kind of compensation to pacify the haunting ghosts, it also affects the human-ghost love relationship of the plot. Resurrection, underworld-marriage and re-burial stories on one hand reflects the burial cultural of the Song dynasty, on the other hand, they serve as tools to compensate the sorrowful ghosts.