儒家倫理視域下人機如何可信？

How Can Human-Machine Interactions Be Trustworthy from the Perspective of Confucian Ethics?

Abstract

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

人工智能深度介入社會生活，在帶來效率與便利的同時，也引發了前所未有的信任危機。這種危機不僅表現為算法黑箱導致的知情不透明，更觸及人類交往的深層結構——信任本是一種植根於主體間性的心理與德性現象，而人工智能作為非人行動者，既不具備真正的意向性，也缺乏情感與責任能力。儒家倫理以“信”為核心德目之一，將信任置於人倫秩序的存在論基礎之中。本文從儒家“信”的意涵出發，分析人工智能對人際關係信任結構的挑戰：單主體性消解了可信賴性的相互性，人機依賴侵蝕了人際心理基礎，禮的規範性難以有效調節人機互動。這些挑戰的根源在於機器缺乏主體性、心理機制與情感賦予意義的能力。儒家倫理的回應不是簡單地拒絕技術，而是在“以人為本”的價值前提下，嚴格區分人機關係與人際關係，並嘗試創構一種異於傳統人際禮儀的“人機禮儀”。這種建構的理論意義在於：從文化價值觀出發，為可信人機關係提供一種非西方中心主義的倫理方案。

The deep integration of artificial intelligence into social life, while bringing efficiency and convenience, has triggered an unprecedented crisis of trust. This crisis is not only manifested in the opacity of information associated with algorithmic black boxes; it reaches deeper into the fundamental structure of human interaction. Trust is a psychological and moral phenomenon rooted in intersubjectivity, whereas artificial intelligence, as a non-human actor, possesses neither genuine intentionality nor the capacity for emotion or responsibility. Trustworthiness (xin) is one of the core virtues of Confucianism, which situates trust within the existential foundation of the human ethical order. This paper begins with the Confucian meaning of xin and analyses the challenges that artificial intelligence poses to the trust structure of human relationships: the dissolution of dual subjectivity eliminates the mutuality of trustworthiness, human–machine dependency erodes the interpersonal psychological foundation, and the normative power of ritual (li) proves inadequate in regulating human–machine interactions. At the root of these challenges is the machine’s lack of subjectivity, of psychological mechanisms, and of the capacity to endow meaning through emotion. The Confucian ethical response is not to simply reject technology but rather, under the value premise of ‘human-centredness’, to strictly distinguish human–machine relations from human–human relations, and to attempt to construct a ‘human–machine ritual’ that differs from traditional interpersonal ritual propriety. The theoretical significance of this construction lies in offering, from the perspective of cultural values, a non-Western-centric ethical framework for trustworthy human–machine relationships.